When the Earth Was Flat
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portes grátis
When the Earth Was Flat
Studies in Ancient Greek and Chinese Cosmology
Springer International Publishing AG
11/2018
361
Dura
Inglês
9783319970516
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
Spherical versus Flat Foreword Acknowledgements References Introduction Chapter 1 Preliminaries on Sources and Methodology Sources Methodology References Part One Ancient Greece Chapter 2 Peculiarities of Presocratic Flat Earth Cosmology The shape of the earth Arguments concerning the shape of the earth Geographical issues The tilt of the celestial axis The alleged tilt of the earth Climatological issues Falling on a flat earth Distance of the heavens Temporal issues References Chapter 3 Anaximander's Images Introduction The cosmic tree The tilted tree The reversal in the relationship between air and fire Tamed fire Turning wheels Two images for escaping fire Tilted wheels References Chapter 4 Anaximander's Phenomenological Astronomy Closing fire spots Phases of the moon Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses References Chapter 5 Anaximander's Numbers Introduction An ordered universe Anaximander's numbers of the heavenly bodies Tannery and the standard interpretation The problem of the sun's distance Attempts to explain the origin of Anaximander's cosmological numbers An interpretation dating from before Tannery The sun's angular diameter Skeptical conclusions and a possible way out A new interpretation: the numbers as a calculator for the lunar cycle Conclusions References Chapter 6 Anaximenes' Cosmology The cap simile; Graham and the top hat The tilted earth interpretation of the cap simile Bicknell's interpretation of the cap simile McKirahan's interpretation of the cap simile Fehling and the flat heaven A fresh look at the doxography Anonymous texts and Kirk's interpretation Towards an interpretation of Anaximenes' cosmology Concluding remarks References Chapter 7 Xenophanes' Cosmology A cosmological quotation from Xenophanes' poem Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Aristotle, Achilles Tatius, Empedocles, pseudo-Aristotle, and Simplicius Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Aetius, Strabo, and Cicero Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Diogenes of Oinoanda, Hippolytus, and pseudo-Plutarch Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of some recent authors Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Mourelatos The nature and movements of the celestial bodies The interpretation of an enigmatic text: Drozdek and Mourelatos Mourelatos' interpretation illustrated by Graham A cosmic railway system and a cosmic ballet The different paths of the heavenly bodies according to Mourelatos and Graham Some more textual and conceptual problems The earth not infinitely extended, neither in surface nor in depth The two meanings of A spherical cosmos and a hemispherical heaven The "many suns" The curved paths of the celestial bodies All disappearances of heavenly bodies are quenchings Final remarks References Chapter 8 Anaxagoras on The Milky Way and Lunar Eclipses Introduction The Milky Way Anaxagoras on the Milky Way Introductory remarks on eclipses Anaxagoras' alleged explanation of lunar eclipses The incompatibility of Anaxagoras' theory of the Milky Way with his alleged explanation of lunar eclipses Invisible heavenly bodies below the moon Attempts to understand the invisible bodies as an additional cause of lunar eclipses Invisible bodies as Anaxagoras' only theory of lunar eclipses The possible origin of a misunderstanding Concluding remarks References Addendum to Chapter 8: "Crepuscular" Lunar Eclipses During Anaxagoras' Lifetime References Chapter 9 Anaxagoras on The Light and Phases of the Moon Introduction Could Anaxagoras have given the correct explanation of the moon's phases? Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.25 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.28 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.29 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.30 and analogous texts Problems and past suggestions to solve them The ambiguity of "received light" The moon's light and phases according to Anaxagoras' suggestions for a new interpretation Conclusion References Chapter 10 Anaxagoras and the Measurement of the Sun and Moon The doxographical evidence Did Anaxagoras measure the size of the sun and moon with the help of a solar eclipse? Solar eclipses; umbra, penumbra, and antumbra Graham and Hintz on the eclipse of February 17, 478 BC Further critical remarks on Graham and Hintz' attempt Fehling's attempt An extrapolation of Thales' method to measure the height of a pyramid References Chapter 11 Aristotle's Arguments for the Sphericity of the Earth Introduction The first empirical argument The second empirical argument The third empirical argument Empirical arguments that Aristotle did not use Aristotle on empirical arguments for a flat earth Theoretical arguments for a spherical earth Final remarks References Part Two Ancient China Chapter 12 An Ancient Chinese Flat Earth Cosmology. Main Features The gai tian model of a flat earth and a flat heaven The movements of the heavenly bodies and the location of Zhou The shadow rule and the fundamental cosmic measurements Some more calculations The incorrectness of the shadow rule The horizon and the rising and setting sun as optical illusions Questionable interpretations of the heavens as an optical illusion The heaven as an optical illusion and the range of visibility The interrelation of the range of visibility and the area of sunlight Another interpretation of the three-dimensional shape of sunlight The size of the area of sunlight (first approach); the circle of the equinox The size of the area of sunlight (second approach); the xuan ji How we see the sun; the shadow rule once again The limited applicability of the shadow rule The cardinal directions References Chapter 13 An Ancient Chinese Flat Earth Cosmology. Details and Calculations The location of Zhou Measuring the sun's diameter The extension of the solar illumination Geographical measurements Sunrise and sunset seen from Zhou The seven heng and the limit of the cosmos An extrapolation: the southern pole The heaven shaped like a truncated conical rain hat? A short evaluation of the gai tian system in the Zhou bi References Chapter 14 Ancient Chinese Versus Greek Flat Earth Cosmology Two kinds of flat earth cosmology compared Greek influence on the gai tian flat earth cosmology? References Chapter 15 Two Appendices: Cosmas Indicopleustes and Samuel Birley Rowbotham Cosmas Indicopleustes and the shadow rule Rowbotham: the world not a globe References List of Abbreviations List of Illustrations Quotations from Ancient Greek and Roman Authors Quotations from the Zhou bi and Ancient Chinese Authors Bibliography
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Spherical versus Flat Foreword Acknowledgements References Introduction Chapter 1 Preliminaries on Sources and Methodology Sources Methodology References Part One Ancient Greece Chapter 2 Peculiarities of Presocratic Flat Earth Cosmology The shape of the earth Arguments concerning the shape of the earth Geographical issues The tilt of the celestial axis The alleged tilt of the earth Climatological issues Falling on a flat earth Distance of the heavens Temporal issues References Chapter 3 Anaximander's Images Introduction The cosmic tree The tilted tree The reversal in the relationship between air and fire Tamed fire Turning wheels Two images for escaping fire Tilted wheels References Chapter 4 Anaximander's Phenomenological Astronomy Closing fire spots Phases of the moon Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses References Chapter 5 Anaximander's Numbers Introduction An ordered universe Anaximander's numbers of the heavenly bodies Tannery and the standard interpretation The problem of the sun's distance Attempts to explain the origin of Anaximander's cosmological numbers An interpretation dating from before Tannery The sun's angular diameter Skeptical conclusions and a possible way out A new interpretation: the numbers as a calculator for the lunar cycle Conclusions References Chapter 6 Anaximenes' Cosmology The cap simile; Graham and the top hat The tilted earth interpretation of the cap simile Bicknell's interpretation of the cap simile McKirahan's interpretation of the cap simile Fehling and the flat heaven A fresh look at the doxography Anonymous texts and Kirk's interpretation Towards an interpretation of Anaximenes' cosmology Concluding remarks References Chapter 7 Xenophanes' Cosmology A cosmological quotation from Xenophanes' poem Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Aristotle, Achilles Tatius, Empedocles, pseudo-Aristotle, and Simplicius Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Aetius, Strabo, and Cicero Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Diogenes of Oinoanda, Hippolytus, and pseudo-Plutarch Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of some recent authors Xenophanes' text in the interpretation of Mourelatos The nature and movements of the celestial bodies The interpretation of an enigmatic text: Drozdek and Mourelatos Mourelatos' interpretation illustrated by Graham A cosmic railway system and a cosmic ballet The different paths of the heavenly bodies according to Mourelatos and Graham Some more textual and conceptual problems The earth not infinitely extended, neither in surface nor in depth The two meanings of A spherical cosmos and a hemispherical heaven The "many suns" The curved paths of the celestial bodies All disappearances of heavenly bodies are quenchings Final remarks References Chapter 8 Anaxagoras on The Milky Way and Lunar Eclipses Introduction The Milky Way Anaxagoras on the Milky Way Introductory remarks on eclipses Anaxagoras' alleged explanation of lunar eclipses The incompatibility of Anaxagoras' theory of the Milky Way with his alleged explanation of lunar eclipses Invisible heavenly bodies below the moon Attempts to understand the invisible bodies as an additional cause of lunar eclipses Invisible bodies as Anaxagoras' only theory of lunar eclipses The possible origin of a misunderstanding Concluding remarks References Addendum to Chapter 8: "Crepuscular" Lunar Eclipses During Anaxagoras' Lifetime References Chapter 9 Anaxagoras on The Light and Phases of the Moon Introduction Could Anaxagoras have given the correct explanation of the moon's phases? Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.25 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.28 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.29 and analogous texts Anaxagoras on the light of the moon in Aetius 2.30 and analogous texts Problems and past suggestions to solve them The ambiguity of "received light" The moon's light and phases according to Anaxagoras' suggestions for a new interpretation Conclusion References Chapter 10 Anaxagoras and the Measurement of the Sun and Moon The doxographical evidence Did Anaxagoras measure the size of the sun and moon with the help of a solar eclipse? Solar eclipses; umbra, penumbra, and antumbra Graham and Hintz on the eclipse of February 17, 478 BC Further critical remarks on Graham and Hintz' attempt Fehling's attempt An extrapolation of Thales' method to measure the height of a pyramid References Chapter 11 Aristotle's Arguments for the Sphericity of the Earth Introduction The first empirical argument The second empirical argument The third empirical argument Empirical arguments that Aristotle did not use Aristotle on empirical arguments for a flat earth Theoretical arguments for a spherical earth Final remarks References Part Two Ancient China Chapter 12 An Ancient Chinese Flat Earth Cosmology. Main Features The gai tian model of a flat earth and a flat heaven The movements of the heavenly bodies and the location of Zhou The shadow rule and the fundamental cosmic measurements Some more calculations The incorrectness of the shadow rule The horizon and the rising and setting sun as optical illusions Questionable interpretations of the heavens as an optical illusion The heaven as an optical illusion and the range of visibility The interrelation of the range of visibility and the area of sunlight Another interpretation of the three-dimensional shape of sunlight The size of the area of sunlight (first approach); the circle of the equinox The size of the area of sunlight (second approach); the xuan ji How we see the sun; the shadow rule once again The limited applicability of the shadow rule The cardinal directions References Chapter 13 An Ancient Chinese Flat Earth Cosmology. Details and Calculations The location of Zhou Measuring the sun's diameter The extension of the solar illumination Geographical measurements Sunrise and sunset seen from Zhou The seven heng and the limit of the cosmos An extrapolation: the southern pole The heaven shaped like a truncated conical rain hat? A short evaluation of the gai tian system in the Zhou bi References Chapter 14 Ancient Chinese Versus Greek Flat Earth Cosmology Two kinds of flat earth cosmology compared Greek influence on the gai tian flat earth cosmology? References Chapter 15 Two Appendices: Cosmas Indicopleustes and Samuel Birley Rowbotham Cosmas Indicopleustes and the shadow rule Rowbotham: the world not a globe References List of Abbreviations List of Illustrations Quotations from Ancient Greek and Roman Authors Quotations from the Zhou bi and Ancient Chinese Authors Bibliography
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