Biotechnological strategies for the conservation of medicinal and ornamental climbers

1: Climbers: Evolution and Diversification in Angiosperm 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Climbing habitat 1.3 Climbing and attachment mechanisms 1.4 Types of climber 1.5 General taxonomy of climbing plants 1.6 Some general properties of climbing plants 1.7 Role of climbers in ecosystem 1.8 Climber's evolution 1.9 How long ago were climbing plants common in forested ecosystems? 2: Biodiversity Conservation with Special Reference to Medicinal Climbers: Present Scenario, Challenges, Strategies and Policies 2.1 Biodiversity: Natural Capital of The Earth 2.2 Types of Biodiversity (Diversity Indices) 2.3 Levels of Biodiversity 2.4 The Mega Diversity Regions 2.5 Hotspots of Biodiversity 2.6 Loss of Biodiversity 2.7 Threats to Biodiversity: Causes 2.8 IUCN Threat Categories 2.9 IUCN Threat Criteria 2.10 Market Scenario for Medicinal Plant 2.11 Loss of Biodiversity and Challenges 2.12 Climbing Phytodiversity in India 2.13 List of Climbers (Medicinal and Ornamental) Facing Threat 2.14 Global Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation 2.15 Strategies Used for Biodiversity Conservation 2.16 Policies for Biodiversity Conservation 3: Medicinal Importance of Climbers Used In Unani System of Medicine 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ghonghchi 3.3 Zaravand Taweel 3.4 Zaravand Modahraj 3.5 Satavar 3.6 Asfanakh 3.7 Habb-ul-Qiliqil 3.8 Malkangani 3.9 Hadjod 3.10 Hirankhur 3.11 ftimun Vilayati 3.12 Baobarang/Barang Kabuli 3.13 Gurmaar Booti 3.14 Ushba Hindi 3.15 Turbud 3.16 Bandaal 3.17 Karela 3.18 Konch 3.19 Paan 3.20 Kabab Chini/Kababah 3.21 Filfil Seyah 3.22 Gilo 3.23 Maweez 4: Climber Plants: Medicinal Importance and Conservation Strategies 4.1 Introduction 4.2 History 4.3 Habitat and Distribution 4.4 Medicinal Application and Drug Discovery 4.5 Threats 4.6 Conservation Strategies 4.7 Role of Biotechnology on Their Conservation 4.8 Some Selected Climbing Plant Families 4.9 Conclusion 5: Plant Tissue Culture: Profile of Pioneers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 History of Plant Tissue Culture 5.3 Profile of Pioneers 6: Mircopropagation: A Boon for Conservation of Valuable Vines and Lianas 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic Plant Tissue Culture Techniques 6.3 Steps of Culturing Plant Tissue 6.4 Development of Nutrient Media 6.5 Advantages of Micropropagation Over Conventional Cultivation 6.6 Drawbacks of Plant Tissue Culture 6.7 Micropropagation Protocols For Some Threatened And Endangered Medicinal Lianas 6.8 Future Prospects 7: Somatic Embryogenesis: A Valuable Strategy for Phyto-Climbing Diversity Conservation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Terminology 7.3 Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis 7.4 Different phases of somatic embryogenesis 7.5 Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis 7.6 Important genes related to somatic embryogenesis 7.7 Applications of somatic embryogenesis 7.8 Limitations of somatic embryogenesis 7.9 Types of somatic embryogenesis 7.10 Somatic embryogenesis in medicinal climbers 7.11 Future prospects 8: Biotechnological Perspectives towards Improvement of Decalepishamiltonii, Potential Applications of Its tubers And Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceuticals for Value Addition 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ethnobotanical information 8.3 Production 8.4 Phytoconstituents of tubers 8.5 Biotechnological intervention for mass multiplication 8.6 Germination studies 8.7 In vitro propagation methods 8.8 In vitro production of flavour metabolite 2H4MB 8.9 Augmentation of flavour metabolite in tubers 8.10 Applications of tubers 8.11 Other applications 8.12 Insecticidal activity 8.13 Antimicrobial activity 8.14 Medicinal applications 8.15 Bioactivity studies in cell cultures and experimental animals 8.16 Future prospects 9: Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill: Medicinal Uses, Propagation and Replenishment 9.1 Introduction: Vernacular Names, Habitat, Habit, Taxonomy 9.2 Chemical Constituents 9.3 Medicinal Properties 9.4 Plant Tissue Culture Studies 10: In Vitro Strategies for the Conservation of Some Medicinal and Horticultural Climbers 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Cardiospermumhalicacabum Linn 10.1.2 BenincasahispidaCogn. 10.1.3. TylophoraindicaBurm. f. Merrill. 10.1.4 SarcostemmabrevistigmaWight. 10.1.5 CycleapeltataLam. 10.1.6 Caesalpiniabonduc (L.)Roxb. 10.1.7 Clitoriaternatea L. 10.1.8 HemidesmusindicusL. R. Br. 10.1.9 Momordicacharantia L. 10.1.10 EmbeliaribesBurm F. 11: Advancement in Encapsulation Techniques for Conservation of Climbers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Advantages of Synthetic Seed Technology 11.3 Encapsulation Procedure 11.4 Studies Conducted So Far for Synthetic Seed Production of Woody Climbers 11.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 12: Secondary Metabolite Enhancement in Medicinal Climbers through the Intervention of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Classification of elicitors 12.3 Mechanism of Elicitation: the biochemical pathway 12.4 Elicitors: Effect and Outcome in Enhanced Alkaloid Production 13: Basic Principles behind Genetic Transformation in Plants 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methods of Genetic Transformation 13.3 Gene Expression in Transgenic Plants 13.4 Engineering Plants for Useful Agronomic Traits 13.5 Future Implications of Plant Transformation 13.6 Conclusion 14: Genetic Transformation for Quality Improvement of Ornamental Climbers 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Type Study 14.3 Future Prospects 14.3 Conclusion 15: Advances in Molecular Approaches for the Integrative Genetic Transformation of Highly Important Climbers 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Future Prospects and Conclusion 16: Molecular Markers and their Applications in Plant Biotechnology 16.1 Molecular Markers: An Introduction 16.2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) 16.3 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers (RAPD) 16.4 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) 16.5 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) 16.6 Minisatellites, Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) 16.7 Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) 16.8 Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)16.9 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) 16.11 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) 16.12 Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP) 16.13 DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) 16.14 Arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) 16.15 Interretrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) and Retrotransposon- Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP) 16.16 Retrotransposon-Based Insertional Polymorphism (RBIP) 16.17 Applications of Molecular Markers In Plant Genome Analysis and Breeding 16.18 Conclusions 16.19 Future Prospects 17: Use of Molecular Markers in Medicinal Climber 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Application of Molecular Markers in Genetic Studies of Some Important Medicinal Climbers 17.3 Conclusions 17.4 Future prospects 18: Selective Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Threatened Medicinal Climbers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Climber 18.3 Importance of Ornamental Plants 18.4 Plant Tissue Culture 18.5 Advancement in Production of Secondary Metabolites via Plant Tissue Culture 18.6 Conclusions 19: In Vitro Protocols for Ornamental Climbers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Type Studies 19.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 20: Contribution of Biotechnology in the Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Selected Medicinal Climbers 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Biotechnological Tools 20.3 Medicinal Climbers and Use of Biotechnological Tools 20.4 Future Prospects for Improvement of Important Bioactive Molecules of Medicinal Climbers 20.6 Conclusions

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• Ciência agrícola
• Biologia Celular (citologia)
• Botânica e ciências das plantas
• Tecnologia farmacêutica